Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………. i

Prologue: Searching for Resilience ……………………………………………………. 1

  • In chase of a ghost? …………………………………………………………………………. 3
  • Riding the wave of virtualization ……………………………………………………… 3

Chapter 1: Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.2 General approach ………………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.3 Scope, validity and limitations ………………………………………………………… 9
1.4 Thesis outline ………………………………………………………………………………. 11

Chapter 2: An analytical framework for emergency management performance
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 15
2.2 Operational emergency management …………………………………………….. 16
2.3 Factors that contribute to effective emergency management ……………. 18
2.4 Developing an analytical framework for emergency management performance …………………………………………………………………………………… 36
2.5 The analytical framework and emergency management in the Netherlands ……………………………………………………………………………….. 45
2.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………….. 51

Chapter 3: Virtual reality exercises …………………………………………………….. 53
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 53
3.2 An opportunity for research ………………………………………………………….. 53
3.3 The virtualization of emergency management exercises …………………. 59
3.4 Virtual reality exercises in Safety Region Zeeland ………………………….. 62
3.5 Four virtual reality exercise scenarios …………………………………………… 67
3.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………….. 97

Chapter 4: Study design …………………………………………………………………….. 99
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 99
4.2 Research strategy …………………………………………………………………………. 99
4.3 Research approach ……………………………………………………………………… 104
4.4 Operationalization ………………………………………………………………………. 109
4.5 Data collection …………………………………………………………………………… 121
4.6 Data analysis ……………………………………………………………………………… 123
4.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 129

Chapter 5: Emergency management performance ……………………………… 131
5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 131
5.2 Handling multiple response tasks ………………………………………………… 131
5.3 Emergency response task performance …………………………………………. 135
5.4 Actor and multidisciplinary subgroup performance ……………………….. 139
5.5 On-scene command team performance ………………………………………… 145
5.6 Face validity of performance scores: comments from post-exercise evaluations …………………………………………………………………………………….. 147
5.7 Relations between performance at different levels …………………………. 148
5.8 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 151

Chapter 6: Communication and emergency management performance .. 153
6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 153
6.2 Situational awareness and actor performance ……………………………….. 154
6.3 Emergent coordination and multidisciplinary task performance …….. 173
6.4 Collective sensemaking and on-scene command team performance … 184
6.5 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 194

Chapter 7: Observations: actions that inhibit or support emergency management performance
7.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 197
7.2 Situational awareness and collective sensemaking during on-scene command team meetings ………………………………………………………………… 198
7.3 Situational awareness and collective sensemaking in the field ……….. 211
7.4 Coordination and emergency decision-making during on-scene command team meetings ………………………………………………………………… 222
7.5 Emergent coordination and emergency decision-making in the field .. 233
7.6 The big picture: different contributions to emergency management performance …………………………………………………………………………………. 242
7.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 246

Chapter 8: Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 249
8.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 249
8.2 Coordinating multiple emergency management objectives …………….. 249
8.3 Towards better understanding of emergency management performance …………………………………………………………………………………… 255
8.4 The inner workings of resilience …………………………………………………. 260

Epilogue: Recommendations and future research …………………………… 263

  • How to be resilient? ………………………………………………………………………. 263
  • Future research into resilience ………………………………………………………. 268
  • How to become more resilient? …………………………………………………….. 269
  • Future research into becoming more resilient ………………………………… 272
  • How to identify resilience? …………………………………………………………… 273
  • Future research into the identification of resilience …………………………. 276

References ……………………………………………………………………………………… 279
Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 297
Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) ………………………………………………… 313
Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………………………………………… 329
NGInfra Ph.D Thesis Series on Infrastructures ……………………………….. 331

Abstract

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