Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. I
POLICYMAKING IN THE WAKE OF COMPLEXITY …………………………………………………… 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 SOCIO-TECHNICAL COMPLEXITY ……………………………………………………………………………….. 3
1.3 THE INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL AND TECHNICAL COMPLEXITY ……………………………………. 13
1.4 STUDY DESIGN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
1.5 OUTLINE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
2 THE COMPLEXITY OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING …………………………………… 31
2.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
2.2 THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING ……………………………………….. 31
2.3 CHALLENGES OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING …………………………………………………………. 34
2.4 LOOKING FOR SYNTHESIS ………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
2.5 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………………………. 45
3 FINDING A SYNTHESIS BETWEEN TWO WORLDS ……………………………………….. 47
3.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
3.2 WHERE DO TENSIONS AT THE SPI ORIGINATE FROM? …………………………………………….. 47
3.3 FRAMING POLICYMAKING ………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
3.4 THE THREE FACES OF INTEGRATED POLICY ANALYSIS ……………………………………………… 62
3.5 SYNTHESIS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68
3.6 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………………………. 72
4 WHEN TWO WORLDS MEET… ………………………………………………………………………. 75
4.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
4.2 INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT ………………………………………………………………………. 77
4.3 MY COUNTRY AND MY PEOPLE ……………………………………………………………………………….. 80
4.4 DUTCH WATER MANAGERS ……………………………………………………………………………………. 87
4.5 FINDING THE DUTCH AND CHINESE FRAMES ………………………………………………………….. 91
4.6 WHEN TWO WORLDS MEET… ……………………………………………………………………………….122
4.7 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………………..125
5 PRINCIPLES OF PLAY (AND HOW THEY SERVE POLICY ANALYSIS) ………… 127
5.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………127
5.2 DEFINITIONS AND TAXONOMIES ……………………………………………………………………………128
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5.3 FRAMES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………131
5.4 APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION …………………………………………………………………………….142
5.5 PRINCIPLES OF PLAY…………………………………………………………………………………………….155
5.6 PRINCIPLES SINE QUA NON …………………………………………………………………………………..162
5.7 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECT…………………………………………………………………………………………166
5.8 OVERVIEW ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….173
5.9 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………………..174
6 ROOM TO PLAY… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 177
6.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………177
6.2 HOW THE BPK MODEL PREVENTED A DEADLOCK IN WATER MANAGEMENT ……………179
6.3 HOW THE CG INTEGRATES FLOOD PROTECTION INTO URBAN RECONSTRUCTION ……..188
6.4 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………………..199
7 GAMING INTEGRATED MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING ………………………………. 201
7.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………201
7.2 THE RELEVANCE OF SG TO POLICYMAKING ……………………………………………………………202
7.3 MSP CHALLENGE: THE GAME ……………………………………………………………………………….204
7.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND DATA GATHERING ………………………………………………………212
7.5 PARTICIPANT-RESPONDENTS ……………………………………………………………………………….212
7.6 MEASURING INTEGRATION IN MSP ………………………………………………………………………216
7.7 INTEGRATED MSP IN THE GAME …………………………………………………………………………..225
7.8 INTEGRATION IN THE MSP MAPS ………………………………………………………………………….231
7.9 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………………..240
8 AFTER THE CHALLENGE… ………………………………………………………………………….. 251
8.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………251
8.2 LOOKING BACK… …………………………………………………………………………………………………251
8.3 DID WE FIND THE PRINCESS?………………………………………………………………………………..263
8.4 IMPLICATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..264
8.5 CLOSING ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..267
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 269
APPENDIX A. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION …………. 307
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..307
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH …………………………………………………………………………………………….308
PILOT STUDIES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..310
CHINA / NETHERLANDS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..312
Q-METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………313
GAME-BASED, QUASI-EXPERIMENT ………………………………………………………………………………………320
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….326
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APPENDIX B. ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF Q METHODOLOGY …………………………….. 328
DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF Q METHODOLOGY IN THE NETHERLANDS ……………………..328
DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF Q METHODOLOGY IN CHINA …………………………………………335
APPENDIX C. MSP CHALLENGE 2011 QUESTIONNAIRES AND CODING ……………. 345
MSP CHALLENGE 2011 PRE-GAME QUESTIONNAIRE ……………………………………………………………345
MSP CHALLENGE 2011 POST-GAME QUESTIONNAIRE ………………………………………………………….351
MSP CHALLENGE 2011 IN-GAME QUESTIONNAIRE ONE AND TWO ………………………………………..354
MSP CHALLENGE 2011 IN-GAME QUESTIONNAIRE THREE (END OF THE GAME SESSION) ……….356
APPENDIX D. QUANTITATIVE RESULTS OF MSP CHALLENGE ………………………….. 359
SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ………………………………………………………………………………………359
VALIDITY OF THE GAME DESIGN …………………………………………………………………………………………..360
VALIDITY OF THE GAME: SELF-REPORTED LEARNING…………………………………………………………….362
GAME PROCESS AND OUTCOME ……………………………………………………………………………………………363
APPENDIX E. PRINCIPLES OF SERIOUS PLAY …………………………………………………….. 365
SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 369
摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 373
CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 377
NGINFRA PHD THESIS SERIES ON INFRASTRUCTURES …………………………………….. 378
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 384
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 386
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………. 388
END NOTES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 389
Abstract
What are the principles that make societal problems socio-technically complex? And, even more important, how can we support public policymaking in the wake of socio-technical complexity? In The Princess in the Castle, the author investigates if, why and how serious games and game-like simulations (SGs) can support integrated policy making and planning, especially in relation to managing rivers and oceans. She argues that ‘playful methods’ are particularly suited to surround sophisticated analysis with extensive participation. The book contains many examples and illustrations but centres on: the Climate Game, used in a neighbourhood reconstruction project incorporating climate adaptation measures; The Blokkendoos Planning Kit, used in the Netherlands’ planning project Room for the River for integrated flood management; the MSP Challenge, used to further the development of integrated, eco-system based marine spatial planning. The book provides a de- and re-construction of the ‘principles of play’ that underlying integrated policy analysis. The perceived usefulness of game-like tools in the Dutch and Chinese policy contexts is empirically studied. The author concludes that serious games for policy-making and planning are powerful methods with largely untapped potential. Yet, without room to play they can be easily turn into ineffective and expensive toys. Qiqi Zhou is a researcher at Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. She is involved in several research projects with Dutch and Chinese universities.